Top 2000 geniuses and minds

A selection of epicenter geniuses, namely: Goethe, Aristotle, Einstein, Franklin, Voltaire, Boltzmann, and their associates, who each rank in as top 2000 minds, geniuses, and intellects, as ordered via "intellectually brightness" (Cox, 1926), by real IQ, below.

In genius studies, top 2000 geniuses and minds refers to a ranked mixture of the top two-thousand supreme "geniuses", superior "intellects", biggest "minds", and newly-being-digested "thinkers", labeling-divides yet to be discerned (Hollingworth, 1938), of all time, ordered via "real IQ", on ten wiki pages.

A "point” is made, herein, to distinguish between “profound geniuses”, e.g. Goethe, Shelley, Gibbs, Maxwell, etc., “mundane geniuses”, e.g. Benz, Hollerith, Guttenberg, etc., and "niche geniuses", e.g. Jenkins, a recent steroid chemistry genius. Thinkers, herein, said another way, are gauged in respect to the size of the "fish" they went after. There are, in this sense, "big fish geniuses" and "little fish geniuses".

In other words, while some may "think about flying", e.g. Da Vinci, others "fly", e.g. Montgolfier, some “fly us the moon”, e.g. Braun, a rare few, e.g. Aristotle, ruminate on "why" we fly (or move) in the first place, particularly in respect to the more deeply-puzzled words “love” and "meaning", and a few from a universal perspective.

Overview

The following is a work-in-progress meta-analysis (see: IQ key) ranking of the greatest, top, supreme, brightest, and or most-profound “geniuses”, superior intellects, and new minds of all time. The seeds of the list are a mixture of the: Thims 97 (2005), Cox 300 (1926), Buzan 100 (1994), and the infamous "Thims 32" (2010) list, respectively, among others (see: reference list).

The "real IQ" ( or IQ_R), as compared to other non-real IQs, is shown for each individual, as are extant calculations and or estimates. The real IQ of each person has been adjusted to fit realistically around the two century-plus digested Cox-Buzan-Platt-Thims IQs, namely those of Newton ( = 199) and Darwin ( = 175). The IQ_D column shows a person's "IQ density" (), or "real IQ" divided by "age" (column A), which yields a ranking of the mean density or intensity the work produced by the genius, per year of existence. The "steady" , "up" , "down" , and "wavy" indicators, in each ranking #, give indication on whether they are in the process of migrating upwards, downwards, "holding steady", or in a wave, processing or "undecided" state. See also the Reddit RealGeniuses community for updated discussion.

Rankings

The following are the so-called "higher minds" (HM) rankings (next: 1-200, 201-400, 401-600, 601-800, 801-1,000, 1,001-1,200, 1,201-1,400, 1,401-1,600, 1,601-1,800, 1,801-2,000):

Geniuses | Higher minds

The following is a ranked listing of envisioned higher-then-human-intelligence conceptualized "minds", either futuristic, e.g. Hari Seldon, legendary, e.g. Faust, scientific "minds", e.g. Boscovich's "finite mine", or "demons", e.g. Maxwell's demon, among newer fictional geniuses, e.g. Eddie Morra, who takes "mind pills" so to tap into his James-based unrealized 90% unused mind potential (see: 10 percent myth); the majority of which being devised by actual geniuses; each character is shown with crudely-guesstimated hypothetical IQ () of such a "mind" were it to exist:

#		Intellect	IQ Intellect	Abilities	Inventor	Inventor IQ	Country
1.		Holbach's geometrician (1770)	=250	An anti-chance, atheism-explicit, atomic theory based intellect, able to understand and see all revolutions in the universe, from both the physics and moral point of view, by “exactly” knowing the “communicated forces” and “different energies acting in each case”, and therein have an understanding capacitated to rate all the action and re-action, of the minds and bodies of those who contributed to the revolution.	Baron d'Holbach (232-166 BE) (1723-1789 ACM)	(IQ:190|#31)	German-French
2.		Faust (c.1520)	=225	Based on the semi-legendary Johann Faust (c.1485-c.1540), who, as the legend goes, after going through all of the branches of knowledge, e.g. arts, science, theology, jurisprudence, medicine, law, philosophy, etc., in search of truth, meaning, and understanding, but finding only polemics, exegesis, dogmatism, babble, distortions, along with “shadows, vapors, follies, bound into a system”, and "vanity", seeks out the "devil" who tells him the answer to every question he asks, therein satisfying his mind, albeit in return for the sale of his soul.	Johann Goethe (206-123 BE) (1749-1832 ACM)	(IQ:210|#1)	German
3.		Nietzsche's uberman (1883)	=225 =189+ =180+	Someone, in the future, who introduces a new value system, not tied to the “other-worldliness” of current religions, such as Christianity, but to the real “earthly-world”, who, therein, banishes nihilism, and fills the growing moral vacuum, formed in the wake of the death of belief in the existence of god (see: god is dead); moreover, someone who frees people from “speaking like children”, in employing rote phrases such as “I am body and soul”, but rather says, when “awakened and enlightened” (Thus Spoke Zarathustra, pg. 61), something akin to: “I am body entirely, and nothing beside’ and ‘soul’ is only a word for some ‘thing’ in the body”; some have claimed that Nietzsche, in his writings, alluded to the following uberman model archetypes: Socrates, Caesar, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare, Goethe, and Napoleon (Hayes, 2002); Nietzsche, himself, in his last 1887 will to power fragments, cites: Caesar, Homer, Aristophanes, da Vinci, and Goethe, as examples of “great human beings”; Heraclitus is frequently employed in his writings; many consider Goethe as the closest Nietzsche came to naming the Ubermensch.	Friedrich Nietzsche (111-55 BE) (1844-1900 ACM)	(IQ:190|#29)	German
4.		Adams' another Newton (1910)	=225	A future person, who firstly comes to define themselves as either a "phase" (see: social phase) or a "human molecule", in a physico-chemical sense, and is able to model all of human history, including interpersonal sexual relationships, and the rise and falls of civilizations, and the seeming "cause and effect" details of government, e.g. the years of Jefferson administration, via the chemical thermodynamics of Willard Gibbs, scaled up to social dynamics.	Henry Adams (117-37 BE) (1838-1918 ACM)	(IQ:195|#19)	American
5.		Laplace's demon (1814)	=220	An intellect who knows the precise location an momentum of every atom in the universe, then, using Newton’ laws of motion, could reveal the entire course of cosmic events, past and future; a variant of Holbach's geometrician.	Pierre Laplace (206-128 BE) (1749-1827 ACM)	(IQ:195|#14)	French
6.		Hawking's mind of god (1963)	=	“Before we understand science, it is natural believe that god created the universe. But now science offers a more convincing explanation. What I meant [in A Brief History of Time (1988) (Ѻ)] by ‘we would know the mind of god’ is, we would know everything that god would know, if there were a god. Which there isn’t. I’m an atheist.” — Stephen Hawking (2014), El Mundo interview, Sep 23	Stephen Hawking (13 BE-64 AE) (1942-2018 ACM)	(IQ:180|#99)	English
7.		Boscovich's finite mind (1763)	=220	A finite, brilliant, powerful “mind”, that surpasses all the powers of the human intellect, but like a “geometer can easily see thus far, that problems are determinate”, is able to use the “law of force” to measure the curves of motion of all points of matter, and therein “to foresee all the necessary subsequent motions and states, and to predict all the phenomena that necessarily followed from them”.	Roger Boscovich (244-168 BE) (1711-1787 ACM)	(IQ:185|#77)	Croatian
8.		Wheeler's super-Einstein (c.1925)	=215	Someone, in the future, who can unify “theoretical biology”, in respect to “emergence, the physicochemical, the organismal, the mental and the social”, applicable to both human societies and insect societies; it was posited, by Wheeler, that it will take a “few” such super-Einsteins to do the job; he might have had Lawrence Henderson in mind as a prototype or archetype.	William Wheeler (1865-1937)		American
9.		Morpheus (1999)	=		Lana Wachowski (1965-) Lilly Wachowski (1967-)		American
10.		Yoda (1977-)	= =145-160		George Lucas (1944-)		American
11.		Maxwell's demon (1867)	=215	An intelligent being that is able to "see" the speeds of atoms and molecules (in a gas), and thus separate them into slow (cold) and fast (hot) groupings, and thus circumvent or reverse the second law of thermodynamics.	James Maxwell (124-76 BE) (1831-1879 ACM)	(IQ:205|#4)	Scottish
12.		Hari Seldon (1942)	=215	A professor, from the far distant future, who uses the kinetic theory of gases to devise a a new science called “psychohistory”, which is able to predict the “overall behavior of human societies even though the solutions would not apply to the behavior of individual human beings”, and thereby predict the eventual fall of the Galactic Empire.	Isaac Asimov (35 BE-37 AE) (1920-1992 ACM)	(IQ:170|#367)	American
13.		Fosdick's new Aristotle (1924)	=215	Someone able to find or discern a "moral equivalent of war".	Raymond Fosdick (1883-1972)		American
14.		Huxley's demon (c.1869)	=	A "sufficient intellect", with knowledge of the properties of the molecules and forces possessed by the molecules of the primitive nebulosity (see: nebular hypothesis), able to predict the state of fauna of Great Britain with as much certainty as one could predict the vapor of one’s breath on a cold winter day.	Thomas Huxley (1825-1895)	(IQ:170|#344)	English
15.		Victor Frankenstein (1818)	=195 =150	A scientist, framed around the figures: Cornelius Agrippa, Paracelsus, and Albertus Magnus, partly based on Luigi Galvani's electrified twitching frog legs experiments, who is able to create "life" in the laboratory; character arose from Mary Shelley listening to Percy Shelley and George Byron debate the subject.	Mary Shelley (158-104 BE) (1797-1851 ACM)	(IQ:175|#306)	English
16.		Leibniz's prophet (c.1710)	=	A scientific “prophet” who had a “sufficient insight into the inner parts of things, and in addition had remembrance and intelligence enough to consider all the circumstances and take them into account, he would see the future, since everything proceeds mathematically, in the present as in a mirror."	Gottfried Leibniz (309-239 BE) (1646-1716 ACM)	(IQ:190|#23)	German
17.		Richard Reeds (1961)	= =297	A child prodigy, who possesses a keen scientific intellect, decades ahead of his time, whose intelligence has recently been augmented by his new powers; holds multiple doctoral level degrees in theoretical and applied physics fields.	Stan Lee (1922-2018)		American
18.		Will Hunting (1997)	=195 =210	A person who is able to read books, and all subjects, e.g. math, physics, chemistry, literature, history, etc., at a rate of books per hour, and be able to remember ever word, citation, and date; loosely based on American child prodigy William Sidis (IQ:175|#314) who graduated from Harvard at age 16, whose IQ was famously over-estimated to be in the 250 to 300 range (Sperling, 1946) and to have been a prodigy equivalent to Gauss (Comstock, c.1915).	Matt Damon (1970-)	=160	American
19.		Fred Tait (1991)	=185	A 7-year old child prodigy, who scores “off the charts on the Stanford-Binet IQ” test, with seemingly endless mathematical and musical abilities, who studies quantum mechanics in college; but who is “emotionally” withdrawn and observational; character thematic, in some sense, to Jody Foster, a former child prodigy, who directed the film.	Scott Frank (1960-)		American
20.		Eddie Morra (2001)	=190 =1,000+	A struggling writer who, when talking a nootropic drug called NZT-48, has the ability to enabling its user to see meaningful patterns in large amounts of disparate data, thereby fully utilize the brain, after which he writes best-selling books, learn new languages, master the stock market, becomes knowledgeable about medicine, becomes a big business decision maker, etc., growing to an auto-claimed IQ of "four digits"; based on the 2001 techno-thriller novel The Dark Fields.	Alan Glynn (1960-)		Irish
21.		Chris Knight (1985)	=185	A CalTech genius who invents a laser that can incinerate people from space, using a tracking device, but when he realizes its designed purpose, uses it to make a house full of popcorn; from the classic 1985 film Real Genius, where there also is the character Mitch Taylor, a new bright child prodigy, and Lazlo Hollyfeld, an old star genius, who “cracked”, but whose IQ or smartness is said to be higher than Knight and Taylor combined, but is now a recluse.	Martha Coolidge (1946-)		American
22.		Sheldon Cooper (2007)	=185 =187	Lead "genius" behind the TV show The Big Bang Theory; said to have an eidetic memory who possesses an extensive general knowledge in many subjects including: physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, cosmology, algebra, calculus, differential equations, vector calculus, computers, electronics, economics, vexillology, engineering, history, geography, linguistics, Finnish, and Mandarin Chinese; modeled on Leon Cooper (1930-).	Chuck Lorre (1952-)		American

Geniuses | 1-200 | IQ:180-210

The following are minds “1-200”, of the top 2000 geniuses, intellects, and minds (previous: HM rankings; next: 201-400, 401-600, 601-800, 801-1,000, 1,001-1,200, 1,201-1,400, 1,401-1,600, 1,601-1,800, 1,801-2,000):

#		Person	Real IQ	IQD	A	Overview	G	Country
1.		Johann Goethe (206-123 BE) (1749-1832 ACM)	=180, 210, 240 =233 =225 =215|#2 =215|#4 =213 =210|#1 =188, 200+, 210 =200	2.53	82	(Cattell 1000:7) [RGM:41|1,350+] (Murray 4000:2|WL) (Gottlieb 1000:131) (GMG:1) (Perry 80:1|Li) [LUG:#] [LPKE:#] [TCG] (SN:1) (HD:19) (FA:56) (GA:6) (EvT:8|21+) (HFET:1) (CR:2,151) (LH:16) (TC:2,167|#1) Poly-intellect, writer, philosopher, evolutionist; founder of human chemistry, per his 1809 physico-chemical based novella Elective Affinities, wherein the four main characters, Charlotte A (as ), Edward B (as ), Captain C (as ), Ottilie (as a newly introduced chemical), Edward and Charlotte married, i.e. bonded (as gypsum), shown adjacent, take place in the following double displacement human chemical reaction: during which their "passions" and competing "moralities" are brought into conflict and reconciled via governing nature of the “affinities” (or chemical forces) operating on and between each character, during the course of their physico-chemical transformation; the socially-extrapolated realization of Newton's last and final "Query 31" (1718).	M	German
2.		Isaac Newton (312-228 BE) (1643-1727 ACM)	=200, 250+ =250 =199 =195|#5 =193 =192 =190|#7 =190 =190|#14 =170	2.44	84	(Cattell 1000:4) [RGM:2|1,350+] (Murray 4000:2|CS / 1|P / 2|M) (Gottlieb 1000:6) (Becker 160:2|17L) (Stokes 100:32) (Simmons 100:1) (SIG:1) (EPD:F0) [CR:866|#2] Physicist, astronomer, chemist, mathematician, and philosopher; “Is it not for want of an attractive virtue [no attraction] (ΔG > 0) between the parts of water (∇) and oil, of quick-silver (☿)(Hg) and antimony (♁)(Sb), of lead (♄)(Pb) and iron (♂)(Fe), that these substances do not mix; and by a weak attraction (ΔG ≈ 0), that quick-silver (☿)(Hg) and copper (♀)(Cu) mix difficultly; and from a strong one [strong attraction] (ΔG < 0), that quicksilver (☿)(Hg) and tin (♃)(Sn), antimony (♁)(Sb) and iron (♂)(Fe), water (∇) and salts, mix readily?” — Isaac Newton (1718), “Query 31”, in: Optics Noted for his 1671 ''Method of Fluxions and Infinite Series'', wherein, he introduced differential equations (Ѻ); for his 1686 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy; wherein he codified the three laws of motion, and proved, via mathematical means, that planets travel in ellipses owing to an “inward force of attraction between planets and the sun must decrease in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between them”, which Hooke and or Halley boasted, to Wren (c.1684), to have “solved”, albeit without proof; and for his 1704 Optics, wherein argues for a corpuscular theory of light, and in the 1718 edition attached his final “Query 31”, on the nature of chemical reactions occurring by degrees of force, which launched the science of affinity chemistry.	M	English
3.		Albert Einstein (76 BE-0 AE) (1879-1955 ACM)	=240 =233 =160, 200, 225 =205|#4 =190|#16 =180+	2.70	76	[RGM:6|1,350+] (Murray 4000:9|CS / 2|P) (Gottlieb 1000:17) (Becker 160:1 19L) (Stokes 100:93) (Simmons 100:2) (LGS:1) [Kanowitz 50:2] [Cropper 30:1|R] (GPE:1) (HD:52) [CR:737|#5] Physicist, astronomer, and philosopher; noted for his 1905 discovery of the equivalence of mass and energy: ; for his hypothesis of "light quanta" (via Planck's 1901 "energy element"); pioneer of radiation thermodynamics of relativistic thermodynamics; famous his 1915 general theory of relativity, which explained gravity as the bending of "spacetime" around all massive bodies (as shown above); via which he predicted the gravitational bending of light rays (confirmed by Eddington during the eclipse of 1919), and also predicted the existence of "gravitational waves" (detected in 2015, emanating from the inward spiral and merger of a pair of black holes of around 36 and 29 solar masses).	M	German-born American
4.		James Maxwell (124-76 BE) (1831-1879 ACM)	=185|#26	4.27	48	[RGM:53|1,350+] (Murray 4000:20|CS / 9|P) (Gottlieb 1000:205) (Becker 160:5|15L) (Simmons 100:12) (EPD:M8) (DN:4±) (GPE:3) (EPD:M8) [CR:478|#10] Mathematical physicist, a child prodigy, turned top ranked magnitude genius, one of the core founders of thermodynamics, noted for his 1860 development of the kinetic theory of gases, his 1862 Maxwell’s equations, describing the nature of the electromagnetic field, his 1871 Theory of Heat, his 1873 electromagnetic field theory of light, his 1875 thermodynamic surface work, among a number of other impressive accomplishments.	M	Scottish
5.		Willard Gibbs (116-52 BE) (1839-1903 ACM)	=180|#36	3.20	64	[RGM:573|1,350+] (Gottlieb 1000:825) [GTE:#] [GCE:27] [GPE] [GEE] (EPD:M16) [CR:845|#3] Mechanical engineer, chemical engineer, and mathematical physicist; “Gibbs is the greatest mind in American history. Lorentz, comparatively, is the greatest and most powerful thinker I have ever known. I never met Gibbs, but, perhaps, had I done so, I might have placed him beside Lorentz.” — Albert Einstein (c.1925/54), aggregate quote Central founder of chemical thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, vector analysis; first-slating: 195-220 (c.2013).	M	American
6.		Leonardo da Vinci (503-436 BE) (1452-1519 ACM)	=181, 210, 220, 260 =250 =233 =220|#1 =200 =195|#9 =180|#27 =167	2.99	67	(Cattell 1000:86) [RGM:1|1,350+] (Murray 4000:3|T / 4|WA) (Gottlieb 1000:9) (Becker 160:14|9L) [GEE:#] [LPKE:#] (RMS:13) (EP:4) [CR:194|#36] Engineer, artist, technologist, polymath, physicist, astronomer, and general philosopher; “The desire to know is natural to good men.” — Leonardo da Vinci (c.1490) note for: blue sky problem theorist; animal heat theory, engineering, e.g. he made the first design for a piston and cylinder (see: piston) style gunpowder engine able to to lift a weight (adjacent), and therein an avowed "vacuist" (compare: avacuist); designed warfare technology, flight machines; heliocentrism advocate; did a pumpkin growing variant of Johann Helmont’s later more-popular willow growing experiment; Bible flood myth debunker; said to have utilized a "sleep formula", sleeping no more than four hours at a time, so to optimize his intellectual output: IQ of 260 (Araugo, 2017).	M	Italian
7.		Rudolf Clausius (133-67 BE) (1822-1888 ACM)	=175|#84	3.03	66	[RGM:399|1,350+] (GS:5) (SIG:3) [CR:829|#4] Mathematical physicist; “Before Clausius, truth and error were in a confusing state of mixture, and wrong answers were confidently urged by the highest authorities.” — Willard Gibbs (1889), “Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius” Noted for his The Mechanical Theory of Heat (1865), wherein, building on Euler, Lagrange, Lavoisier, Carnot, Joule, Thomson, and Rankine, he founded the science of thermodynamics.	M	German
8.		Democritus (2415-2325 BE) (c.460-370 BCM)		2.11	90	(Cattell 1000:751) [RGM:86|1,350+] (Becker 139:79|4L) (Stokes 100:10) (FA:14) (ACR:4) [CR:285] Mathematician and philosopher; “The material cause of all things that exist is the coming together of atoms and void. Atoms are too small to be perceived by the senses. They are eternal and have many different shapes, and they can cluster together to create things that are perceivable. Differences in shape, arrangement, and position of atoms produce different things. By aggregation they provide bulky objects that we can perceive with our sight and other senses.” — Democritus (c.420BC), Pay (Ѻ) fragment #47 Known as the "father of atomic theory" (Leucippus is grandfather; Epicurus is son; Lucretius is grandson) and “prince of philosophers” (Laertius, 230); notably: "he mastered the whole extent of the science of his time, and that probably with greater independence and thoroughness than was the case with Aristotle" (Lange, 1865); he did the cone-cylinder, pyramid-prism proofs before Eudoxus claims of discovery (Archimedes, c.220BC); he was "the most learned man about nature of all the ancients” (Philodemus, 45BC); was the first to “deny chance” (see: anti-chance) (Simplicius, c.530); upgraded from #36 to #8 (Nov 2020), above Aristotle, per Lange, Archimedes, Philodemus, Simplicius; and per the fact that Plato tried to buy up and burn all of his books (Aristoxenus, 325BC).	M	Greek
9.		Aristotle (2339-2277 BE) (384-322 BCM)	=250 =190-210 =190, 200, 200+ =190	3.15	62	(Cattell 1000:6) [RGM:9|1,350+] (Murray 4000:3|CS / 2|B / 1|WP) (Becker 160:9|11L) (Becker 139:2|19L) (Stokes 100:9) (EPD:FM) [CR:537|#7]	M	Greek
10.		Galileo Galilei (319-313 BE) (1564-1642 ACM)	=240 =180-200 =185 =183 =180	2.67	77	(Cattell 1000:46) [RGM:4|1,350+] (Murray 4000:2|CS / 5|P / 2|A) (Gottlieb 1000:4) (Becker 160:2|17L) (Stokes 100:30) (Simmons 100:7) (EP:10) [GPE:5] (GAE:2) [CR:307|#21]	M	Italian
11.		Hermann Helmholtz (134-61 BE) (1821-1894 ACM)		2.67	73	[RGM:214|1,350+] (Becker 160:121|3L) (Simmons 100:63) [CR:390|#15]	M	German
12.		Thomas Young (182-126 BE) (1773-1829 ACM)	=185|#17	3.48	55	[RGM:772|1,350+]	M	English
13.		Gilbert Lewis (80-9 BE) (1875-1946 ACM)		2.75	70	[RGM:489|1,350+] (FTS:6) [CR:429|#11]	M	American
14.		Rene Descartes (339-305 BE) (1596-1650 ACM)	=188 =178 =175 =175	3.68	53	(Cattell 1000:23) [RGM:26|1,350+] (Becker 160:37|5L) (Becker 139:3|18L) (Stokes 100:33) [CR:431|#9]	M	French
15.		Pierre Laplace (206-128 BE) (1749-1827 ACM)	=190	2.50	77	(Cattell 1000:233) [RGM:315|1,350+] (Becker 160:58|4L) (Simmons 100:29)	M	French
16.		Leonhard Euler (248-172 BE) (1707-1783 ACM)	=230 =190-210	2.57	76	(Cattell 1000:512) [RGM:91|1,350+] (Simmons 100:35)	M	Swiss
17.		Voltaire (261-177 BE) (1694-1778 ACM)	=200 =190 =185	2.35	83	(Cattell 1000:4) [RGM:62|1,350+] (Murray 4000:7|WL) (Becker 139:32|9L) (Stokes 100:41) (EPD:M7) (GPhE:#) (EPD:M7) [CR:315|#19] Philosopher, writer, encyclopedist, lay physicist;	M	French
18.		Nikola Tesla (99-12 BE) (1856-1943 ACM)	=230-310 =140-160, 200	2.27	86	[RGM:5|1,350+] (Becker 160:10|11L)	M	Serbian-born American
19.		Robert Hooke (320-252 BE) (1635-1703 ACM)	=200+	2.91	67	[RGM:372|1,350+] (EPD:F13) “The vacuum left by fire lifts a weight.” — Robert Hooke (1675), “A New Invention in Mechanics of Prodigious Use”	M	English
20.		Henry Adams (117-37 BE) (1838-1918 ACM)		2.44	80	(RGM:675|1,350+) (GHE:1) (SN:2) (HFET:5) (CR:568) (LH:6) (TC:572|#6) Historian and physico-chemical humanities pioneer; “I have run my head hard up against a form of mathematics that grinds my brains out. I flounder like a sculpin in the mud. It is called the ‘law of phases’, and was invented at Yale [by Gibbs]. No one shall persuade me that I am not a phase.” — Henry Adams (1908), “Letter to Elizabeth Cameron”, Sep 29 Noted for his physico-chemical social dynamics (1908) theory of history, a five-decade plus long effort, to apply and utilize the physical sciences, particularly chemistry, physics, and thermodynamics, employing anchor concepts such as the second law, the kinetic theory of gases, Gibbs phase rule (see: social phase), Maxwell's demon, nebular hypothesis, heat death, social gravity, social acceleration theory, etc., in the study of humans, politically, historically, and philosophically, which he viewed as human molecules (or "phases" or equilibrium states, depending), and countries, via the historical rise and fall change perspective; Adams had convinced himself, at the age of 70, that he was a “point” (or phase) on a social three-dimensional physico-chemical thermodynamics surface (aka social phase diagram), as can be visualized on Maxwell’s 1874 “thermodynamic surface” (Ѻ), which he made as a gift for Gibbs.	M	American
21.		Vilfredo Pareto (107-32 BE) (1848-1923 ACM)		2.53	75	[RGM:475|1,350+] [CR:282|#24]	M	French-born Italian
22.		Carl Gauss (178-100 BE) (1777-1855 ACM)	=240 =200±, 250+ =180+	2.47	77	(Cattell 1000:848) (Becker 160:60|4L) (Simmons 100:41) [RGM:11|1,350+]	M	German
23.		Joseph Lagrange (219-142 BE) (1736-1813 ACM)	=185	2.47	77	[RGM:41|1,350+] (Becker 160:109|3L)	M	French
24.		Gottfried Leibniz (309-239 BE) (1646-1716 ACM)	=205 =200 =194 =182	2.71	70	[RGM:675|1,350+] (Becker 160:79|3L) (Becker 139:18|13L) (Stokes 100:37)	M	German
25.		Empedocles (2450-2390 BE) (495-435 BCM)		3.17	60	[RGM:432|1,350+] [CR:288|#24]	M	Greek
26.		Sadi Carnot (159-123 BE) (1796-1832 ACM)		5.28	36	[RGM:793|1,350+] [CR:425|#12]	M	French
27.		Erwin Schrodinger (86 BE-6 AE) (1887-1961 ACM)		2.60	73	[RGM:158|1,350+] (Becker 160:44|5L) (Simmons 100:18) (HFET:11) [CR:229|#31]	M	Austrian
28.		Francis Bacon (394-329 BE) (1561-1626 ACM)		2.92	65	[RGM:96|1,350+] (Becker 160:104|2L) (Becker 139:26|11L) (Stokes 100:29)	M	English
29.		Ludwig Boltzmann (111-49 BE) (1844-1906 ACM)		3.06	62	[RGM:483|1,350+] (Simmons 100:24) [Kanowitz 50:44] [Cropper 30:1|SM] (GPE:26) (EPD:F15) (FTS:4) [CR:318|#18] Physicist and thermodynamicist, of the Vienna school, a semi-categorized epicenter genius, one of the central founders of statistical thermodynamics, known for his derivation of the probabilistic or logarithmic description of entropy as a function of the molecular distributions of the body; for his 1886 lecture "On the the Second Law of Thermodynamics" applied to evolution; for his 1891 conjecture that energy can be divided "atomically" (which led, via Planck) to the quantum revolution.	M	Austrian
30.		Friedrich Nietzsche (111-55 BE) (1844-1900 ACM)	=150, 190, 210 =180, 200+ =186 =180	3.45	55	[RGM:39|1,350+] (Becker 139:8|17L) (Stokes 100:70) (EPD:F5) [CR:329|#17]	M	German
31.		Pierre Gassendi (363-300 BE) (1592-1655 ACM)	=185	3.02	63	[RGM:661|1,350+]	M	French
32.		Baron Holbach (232-166 BE) (1723-1789 ACM)		2.92	65	[RGM:688|1,350+] [SN:12] (FA:74) (GAE:1) (GPhE:5) [CR:268|#29] Atheism-explicit anti-chance based matter-and-motion philosopher, eponyms: Holbachian, Holbach’s school (Ѻ), Holbach's geometrician (forerunner to Laplace's demon); characterized as the “Newton of the atheists” (Ѻ)(V|1:45) or "the supreme materialist" (Cooper, 1976), even cited so in history of atheism documentaries, and high ranked extreme atheist; in epicenter genius categorizations, was “one member of Voltaire’s circle”, if not the leader, and who; according to Caspar Hakfoort, was one of the stepping stone pioneers of scientism, being generally known for his 1770 The System of Nature: the Laws of Moral and Physical World, referred to by some as an "Atheist’s Bible", wherein saw the universe as nothing more than matter in motion, bound by inexorable natural laws of cause and effect, in which there is “no necessity to have recourse to supernatural powers to account for the formation of things.”	M	German-born French
33.		Paul Dirac (53 BE-29 AE) (1902-1984 ACM)	=185|#24	2.31	82	[RGM:201|1,350+] (Becker 160:94|3L) (Simmons 100:20)	M	English-born American
34.		Christiaan Huygens (326-260 BE) (1629-1695 ACM)	=175	2.88	66	[RGM:383|1,350+] (Becker 160:55|4L) (Simmons 100:40) (EPD:M8)	M	Dutch
35.		Thomas Jefferson (212-129 BE) (1743-1826 ACM)	=195 =178 =160 =160 =160	2.29	83	[RGM:78|1,350+]	M	American
36.		Linus Pauling (54 BE-43AE) (1901-1994 ACM)	=180 =160, 170, 180 =160, 170	2.04	93	[RGM:430|1,350+] (Becker 160:29|7L) (Simmons 100:16) (HFET:#)	M	American
37.		Otto Guericke (353-269 BE) (1602-1686 ACM)		2.89	83	[RGM:99|1,350+] Pictured is the 20 Nov 2012 Google Doodle (Ѻ) for Guericke’s 410th birthday.	M	German
38.		Wilhelm Ostwald (102-23 BE) (1853-1932 ACM)		2.44	78	[RGM:87|1,350+] (HFET:4) [CR:298|#20]	M	German
39.		Archimedes (2242-2167 BE) (287-212 BCM)	=240 =190 =190	2.53	75	[RGM:9|1,350+] (Becker 160:13|10L) (Simmons 100:100)	M	Greek
40.		John Neumann (52 BE-2 AE) (1903-1957 ACM)	=163, 180, 200, 225 =180	3.58	53	[RGM:189|1,350+] (Becker 160:142|2L) (Simmons 100:51) (HFET:9) [CR:221|#32]	M	Hungarian-born American
41.		William Shakespeare (391-339 BE) (1564-1616 ACM)	=233 =210	3.65	52	[RGM:54|1,350+]	M	English
42.		Max Planck (97-8 BE) (1858-1947 ACM)		2.13	89	[RGM:23|1,350+] (Becker 160:20|8L) (Simmons 100:25) [CR:254|#30]	M	German
43.		Enrico Fermi (54-1 BE) (1901-1954 ACM)		3.58	53	[RGM:38|1,350+] (Becker 160:45|5L) (Simmons 100:34)	M	Italian
44.		Hypatia (1605-1540 BE) (350-415 ACM)	=180, 200, 210 =195 =170	2.92	65	[RGM:92|1,350+] (Becker 139:109|3L) (GFG:1) (CR:44) Philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and astronomer; “Reserve your right to think, for even to think wrongly is better than not to think at all.” — Hypatia (c.400), Publication only known female universal genius, daughter of mathematical astronomer Theon, the last head of the Library of Alexander; noted for being one of the last apex intellects before humanity went into the dark ages; a fabled "last persons to know everything"; noted early irreligionist; credited with the invention of the astrolabe (adjacent); is rumored to have explained the seasonal variations of the apparent size of the sun, and conceived of elliptical orbit heliocentrism; Kepler, Bertrand Russel, and Voltaire praised her; stoned to death.	F	Greco-Roman Alexandrian
45.		Giordano Bruno (407-355 BE) (1548-1600 ACM)		3.56	52	[RGM:128|1,350+]	M	Italian
46.		Blaise Pascal (332-293 BE) (1623-1662 ACM)	=235 =195 =195 =192	4.74	39	[RGM:30|1,350+] (Becker 160:38|5L) (Becker 139:50|6L) (EPD:M3)	M	French
47.		Richard Feynman (37 BE-33 AE) (1918-1988 ACM)	=120, 125, 185, 190	2.68	69	[RGM:70|1,350+] (Becker 160:98|3L) (Simmons 100:52)	M	American
48.		Pierre Maupertuis (257-197 BE) (1698-1758 ACM)		3.08	60	[RGM:616|1,350+]	M	French
49.		Epicurus (2296-2225 BE) (341-270 BCM)		2.61	71	[RGM:108|1,350+] (Becker 139:39|8L) (Stokes 100:11) [CR:363|#16]	M	Greek
50.		Benedict Spinoza (323-278 BE) (1632-1677 ACM)	=175 =175 =175	4.20	44	[RGM:116|1,350+] (Becker 139:10|16L) (Stokes 100:36) (EPD:M6)	M	Dutch
51.		Percy Bridgman (73 BE-6 AE) (1882-1961 ACM)	=180 =170	2.34	79	[RGM:617|1,350+]	M	American
52.		William Thomson (131-48 BE) (1824-1907 ACM)		2.23	83	(Cattell 1000:989) [RGM:619|1,350+] (Gottlieb 1000:111) (Becker 160:27|7L) (Kanowitz 50:19) (Cropper 30:5|T) (GPE:47) (SIG:6) (EPD:M6) [CR:390|#14] Mathematical physicist and philosopher;	M	Irish-born Scottish
53.		Thomas Edison (108-24 BE) (1847-1931 ACM)	=240 =195	2.20	84	[RGM:147|1,350+] (Becker 160:19|8L)	M	American
54.		Euclid (2295-2135 BE) (c.340-280 BCM)	=185	3.08	60	[RGM:13|1,350+] (Becker 160:34|5L) (Simmons 100:59)	M	Greek
55.		Nicolaus Copernicus (482-412 BE) (1473-1543 ACM)	=173 =160 =185 =100-110	2.64	70	(Cattell 1000:341) [RGM:20|1,350+] (Murray 4000:5|A) (Gottlieb 1000:18) (Becker 160:16|8L) (Stokes 100:25) (Simmons 100:10) [Kanowitz 50:15] (EPD:F3) (GPE:35) (GAE:1) [CR:136] Mathematician, astronomer, and physician; “I am thoroughly frightened by what happened to our master, Copernicus. Although he won immortal fame among some persons, nevertheless among countless – for so large is the number of fools – he became a target of ridicule and derision. I would of course have the courage to make my thoughts public, if there were more people like you. But since there aren’t, I shall avoid this kind of activity.” — Galileo (1596), “Letter to Johannes Kepler” aka "next Ptolemy" (Reinhold, 1542), noted for []	M	Polish
56.		Robert Boyle (328-264 BE) (1627-1691 ACM)	=160	2.89	64	(Cattell 1000:354) [RGM:529|1,350+] (Murray 4000:6|C) (Gottlieb 1000:142) (Becker 160:39|5L) [Kanowitz 50:41] (GPE:39) (GCE:6) (EPD:M3) [CR:178] Physicist, chemistry, and natural philosopher;	M	Irish
57.		Leon Winiarski (90-40 BE) (1865-1915 ACM)		3.70	50	[RGM:712|1,350+]	M	Polish-born Swiss
58.		Norman Dolloff (48 BE-29 AE) (1907-1984 ACM)		2.40	77	(SN:5|55+) (EvT:21|21+) (CR:41) Metallurgical engineering geologist; noted for his Heat Death and the Phoenix (1975), wherein he gives the following "organism synthesis equation": He is classified as the transition point mindset of someone grappling to switch from the entropy "order/disorder" model of everything to the "free energy" model of everything; all done in the framework of explicit atheism.	M	American
59.		Arthur Schopenhauer (167-95 BE) (1788-1860 ACM)	=170	2.57	72	[RGM:98|1,350+] (Becker 139:21|12L) (Stokes 100:49) [CR:259|#29]	M	German
60.		Percy Shelley (163-133 BE) (1792-1822 ACM)	=185+ =165	6.17	30	[RGM:562|1,350+] (Nelson 19:12)	M	English
61.		Isaac Beeckman (367-318 BE) (1588-1637 ACM)		3.78	49		M	Dutch
62.		Desiderius Erasmus (489-418 BE) (1466-1537 ACM)	=178 =180 =175	2.68	69	[RGM:82|1,350+] (Becker 139:114|3L) (Stokes 100:27)	M	Dutch
63.		Hero (1945-1885 BE) (c.10-70 ACM)		3.08	60	[RGM:379|1,350+]	M	Greek
64.		Alan Turing (43-1 BE) (1912-1954 ACM)	=180-190	4.40	42	[RGM:12|1,350+] (Becker 160:97|3L) (Stokes 100:96)	M	English
65.		Friedrich Schiller (196-150 BE) (1759-1805 ACM)	=165	4.02	46	[RGM:37|1,350+] (Stokes 100:46)	M	German
66.		Humphry Davy (177-126 BE) (1778-1829 ACM)	=165	3.63	51	[RGM:530|1,350+] (Becker 160:114|3L) (Nelson 19:16)	M	English
67.		Jean Sales (214-139 BE) (1741-1816 ACM)		2.47	75	[RGM:670|1,350+]	M	French
68.		Gerald Massey (127-48 BE) (1828-1907 ACM)		2.34	79		M	English
69.		John Mill (149-82 BE) (1806-1873 ACM)	=200 =190 =185 =183 =180	2.80	66	[RGM:149|1,350+] (Becker 139:16|14L) (Stokes 100:54)	M	English
70.		Sigmund Freud (99-16 BE) (1856-1939 ACM)	=180 =156	2.23	83	[RGM:131|1,350+] (Becker 160:43|5L) (Becker 139:119|3L) (Stokes 100:66) (Simmons 100:6) [CR:337|#17]	M	Austrian
71.		Auguste Comte (157-98 BE) (1798-1857 ACM)	=185	3.19	59	[RGM:890|1,350+] (Becker 139:45|7L) (Stokes 100:55)	M	French
72.		Alfred Lotka (75-6 BE) (1880-1949 ACM)		2.68	69	[RGM:627|1,350+]	M	Austrian-born American
73.		Ctesibius (2240-2177 BE) (c.285-222 BCM)		2.94	63	[RGM:631|1,350+]	M	Greek
74.		Thomas Hobbes (367-276 BE) (1588-1679 ACM)	=165	2.03	91	[RGM:134|1,350+] (Becker 139:5|17L) (Stokes 100:31)	M	English
75.		Immanuel Kant (231-151 BE) (1724-1804 ACM)	=250+ =175	2.34	79	[RGM:51|1,350+] (Becker 139:4|18L) (Stokes 100:45) [CR:217|#35]	M	German
76.		William Gilbert (411-352 BE) (1544-1603 ACM)		3.14	59	[RGM:641|1,350+] (Becker 160:77|3L)	M	English
77.		Roger Boscovich (244-168 BE) (1711-1787 ACM)		2.47	75	[RGM:664|1,350+]	M	Croatian
78.		Emanuel Swedenborg (267-183 BE) (1688-1772 ACM)	=210 =205 =165	2.20	84	[RGM:137|1,350+]	M	Swedish
79.		Heraclitus (2490-2405 BE) (c.535-450 BCM)		2.18	85	[RGM:260|1,350+] (Becker 139:41|7L) (Stokes 100:4)	M	Greek
80.		Hugo Grotius (372-310 BE) (1583-1645 ACM)	=200 =197	2.98	62	[RGM:208|1,350+]	M	Dutch
81.		Satyendra Bose (61 BE-19 AE) (1894-1974 ACM)		2.31	80	[RGM:855|1,350+] (LGS:1) (CR:11) Mathematical physicist; pronounced: “Shoot-ing-dra Bowce” (Ѻ); noted for his 1919 proof that Planck’s theory of heat radiation could be deduced from Albert Einstein’s theory of photons, for his 1925 prediction, with Einstein, of Bose-Einstein condensate (adjacent), confirmed in 1995; and for his general Bose-Einstein statistics, which bosons obey; mean genius comparison IQ of 187; a top 500 missing genius candidate. (Ѻ)	M	Indian
82.		Ettore Majorana (49-17 BE) (1906-1938 ACM)		5.78	32	[RGM:349|1,350+]	M	Italian
83.		Friedrich Schelling (180-101 BE) (1775-1854 ACM)	=190	2.34	79	[RGM:208|1,350+] (Becker 139:117|3L) (Stokes 100:47)	M	German
84.		Jean d'Alembert (238-172 BE) (1717-1783 ACM)	=185	2.85	65	[RGM:88|1,350+] (EPD:F12)	M	French
85.		Pythagoras (2525-2445 BE) (c.570-490 BCM)		2.25	80	[RGM:7|1,350+] (Becker 160:50|4L) (Becker 139:78|4L) (Stokes 100:2)	M	Greek
86.		Lucretius (2054-2010 BE) (99-55 BCM)		4.09	44	[RGM:612|1,350+] (Becker 139:106|3L) (Simmons 100:73) [CR:285|#26]	M	Greek
87.		William Rankine (135-83 BE) (1820-1872 ACM)		3.46	52	[RGM:679|1,350+]	M	Scottish
88.		Niels Bohr (70 BE-7 AE) (1885-1962 ACM)		2.34	77	[RGM:32|1,350+] (Becker 160:11|11L) (Simmons 100:3)	M	Danish
89.		Werner Heisenberg (54 BE-21 AE) (1901-1976 ACM)	=173	2.43	74	[RGM:36|1,350+] (Becker 160:46|5L) (Simmons 100:15)	M	German
90.		Johannes Kepler (384-325 BE) (1571-1630 ACM)	=175	3.10	58	[RGM:36|1,350+] (Becker 160:25|7L) (Simmons 100:9)	M	German
91.		Thales (2579-2501 BE) (c.624-546 BCM)		2.31	78	[RGM:14|1,350+] (Becker 139:96|3L) (Stokes 100:1)	M	Greek
92.		Charles Sherrington (98-3 BE) (1857-1952 ACM)		1.91	94	[RGM:733|1,350+] (Simmons 100:66)	M	English
93.		Antoine Lavoisier (212-161 BE) (1743-1794 ACM)	=170	3.60	50	[RGM:160|1,350+] (Becker 160:17|8L) (Simmons 100:8) (EPD:M5)	M	French
94.		Niccolo Machiavelli (486-428 BE) (1469-1527 ACM)	=165	3.10	58	[RGM:68|1,350+] (Becker 139:29|10L) (Stokes 100:26)	M	Italian
95.		Mehdi Bazargan (48 BE-40 AE) (1907-1995 ACM)		2.05	88	(SN:14) (CR:80) Mechanical engineer, thermodynamicist, philosopher and 75th prime minister of Iran (1979); “There is no denying that the ‘heat of love’, puts many obstacles in its path. It melts it, and it creates a wonderful ‘buzz’ in its owner. Literary and artistic masterpieces and how many military conquest and political successes below the ‘flames of love’ have been achieved.” — Mehdi Bazargan (1956), Thermodynamics of Humans (pg. 9) Noted for his 1956 treatise Thermodynamics of Humans, written during a five-month prison spell (see: genius hiatus effect), for political opposition, in which he attempted to explain the work ethic of the individual in the context of the Islamic teachings and the view that systems, physical or social, evolve towards equilibrium as quantified by a minimum of free energy; first-slating: #95 (Nov 2020).	M	Iranian
96.		Michael Faraday (164-88 BE) (1791-1867 ACM)	=230 =180 =175 =170	2.40	75	[RGM:18|1,350+] (Becker 160:6|14L) (Simmons 100:11)	M	English
97.		Roger Bacon (741-661 BE) (1214-1294 ACM)		2.25	80	[RGM:537|1,350+] (Nelson 19:1)	M	English
98.		Plato (2378-2303 BE) (c.423-348 BCM)	=225 =180	2.40	75	[RGM:16|1,350+] (Becker 139:1|19L) (Stokes 100:8) [CR:301|#21]	M	Greek
99.		John Strutt (113-36 BE) (1842-1919 ACM)		2.37	76	[RGM:684|1,350+]	M	English
100.		Stephen Hawking (13 BE-64 AE) (1942-2018 ACM)	=200-250, 245 =160, 169, 280 =205 =180	2.37	76	[RGM:65|1,350+] (Becker 160:12|11L) (Simmons 100:54) (CR:144) (LH:4) Astrophysicist; noted for his 1965 PhD thesis, stimulated by research of mathematician Rodger Penrose, and based on Albert Einstein’s 1914 general theory of relativity, which argued that if a star can collapse inwards to form a singularity, coined a “black hole” in 1967 by American physicist John Wheeler, then so to can a singularity explode back outward; thus giving an explanation for the big bang. Hawking is also noted for his 1996 Illustrated: A Brief History of Time, wherein he gives an "entropy of mind" diagram, which he says changes in respect to doing things such as reading a book. Hawking is a key figure in the development of the subject of black hole thermodynamics; and later came out as advocating atheism.	M	English
101.		Strato (c.335-269 BCM)		2.73	66		M	Greek
102.		Lawrence Henderson (1878-1942 ACM)		2.86	63	(SN:8) (EvT:19|21+) (CR:250) Physiologist, physico-chemical sociologist, and anti-chance philosopher; “Matter and energy have an original property, assuredly not by chance, which organizes the universe in space and time.” — Lawrence Henderson (1913), The Fitness of the Environment Ran the Harvard Pareto circle; used a synthesis of Willard Gibbs and Vilfredo Pareto for his pioneering "Sociology 23" course, wherein he employed a "box-spring model" of individuals, bound in a society, pictured, to usurp "causality" with "change of state"; the last great theory of all thing theorists or thing philosophers (following Henry Adams).	M	American
103.		Cicero (106-43 BCM)		2.86	63	[RGM:101|1,350+] (Becker 139:105|3L) (Stokes 100:13)	M	Roman
104.		Leo Tolstoy (127-45 BE) (1828-1910 ACM)	=185	2.20	82	[RGM:75|1,350+] (EPD:M2F9)	M	Russian
105.		Bertrand Russell (83 BE-15 AE) (1872-1970 ACM)	=180+ =180 =180 =147	1.86	97	[RGM:100|1,350+] (Becker 139:23|12L) (Stokes 100:77) (EPD:M2F4)	M	English
106.		Charles Darwin (146-73 BE) (1809-1882 ACM)	=180 =175 =173 =173 =169 =165 =160	2.47	73	[RGM:44|1,350+] (Becker 160:7|14L) (Stokes 100:56) (Simmons 100:4) (EPD:M8) [CR:514|#8]	M	English
107.		Napoleon Bonaparte (186-134 BE) (1769-1821 ACM)	=163 =145 =186 =180 =142	3.46	52	[RGM:154|1,350+] (EPD:F15)	M	French
108.		Alexander Pope (1688-1744 ACM)	=180	3.21	56		M	English
109.		Hendrik Lorentz (1853-1928 ACM)		2.43	74	[RGM:597|1,350+]	M	Dutch
110.		Ludwig Buchner (1824-1899 ACM)		2.40	75		M	German
111.		Edwin Wilson (76 BE-9 AE (1879-1964 ACM)		2.12	85	(SN:9) (CR:71) Mathematician, physical economist, and general "polymath" (Weintraub, 1991), whose interests spanned mathematics, physics, statistics, economics, astronomy, and biology; sole protege of Gibbs; taught a physical chemistry based "mathematical economics" course at Harvard (1934 to 1940); Samuelson to use Gibbs "equation 133": to model economic stability; first-slating: 180|#110 (Nov 2020).	M	American
112.		David Hume (244-179 BE) (1711-1776 ACM)	=180	2.77	65	[RGM:112|1,350+] (Becker 139:7|17L) (Stokes 100:39) (EPD:F2)	M	Scottish
113.		Heraclides (387-312BC)		2.40	75	Philosopher and astronomer; proposed that the earth rotates on its axis (compare: Ecphantus (c.500BC)); posited that the soul was light; did battle with Aristotle, supposedly, on the question whether the universe is finite or infinite; and is rumored, according to Simplicius (c.590AD), to have formulated heliocentrism (or at least the precursor model to what Aristarchus (c.240BC) (IQ:175|#244) put into book form); first draft slated at 180|#115, a grade above Aristarchus.	M	Greek
114.		William Hamilton (1805-1865)				(Becker 160:118|3L) (GME:27) [CR:61] Mathematical physicist; noted for his 1834 On a General Method in Dynamics, wherein develops a “characteristic function” or “force function”, later employed by Clausius in his “Mathematical Introduction” to his On the Mechanical Theory of Heat; eponym of the Hamiltonian (compare: Lagrangian and Gibbsian); not to be confused with the metaphysical philosopher William Hamilton (IQ:170|#388); 112-candidate; first-slating:#114 (Nov 2020).	M	Irish
115.		Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)	=180	2.14	84	[RGM:727|1,350+] (Becker 139:33|9L) (Stokes 100:53)	M	English
116.		John Milton (1608-1674)	=177 =180 =173	2.77	65	[RGM:254|1,350+]	M	English
117.		Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866)		4.62	39	[RGM:201|1,350+] (Becker 160:125|3L)	M	German
118.		Michelangelo (1475-1564)	=178 =180 =175	2.05	88	[RGM:15|1,350+]	M	Italian
119.		Anaximander (c.610-546BC)		3.91	46	[RGM:368|1,350+]	M	Greek
120.		Emilie Chatelet (1706-1749)		4.18	43	[RGM:783|1,350+]	F	French
121.		Marie Curie (88-21 BE) (1867-1934 ACM)	=205 =200 =180	2.73	66	[RGM:17|1,350+] (Becker 160:4|17L) (Simmons 100:26) (EPD:M10)	F	Polish-born French
122.		Albertus Magnus (1205-1280)		2.40	75		M	German
123.		Pierre Teilhard (1881-1955)		2.47	73		M	French
124.		Fyodor Dostoyevsky (134-74 BE) (1821-1881 ACM)	=215	3.05	59	[RGM:49|1,350+] (EPD:M15)	M	Russian
125.		Marcus Aurelius (1834-1775 BE) (121-180 ACM)		3.10	58	[RGM:81|1,350+] (Becker 139:42|7L) (Stokes 100:16) (EPD:F3)	M	Roman
126.		Karl Marx (1818-1883)	=140-160	2.81	64	[RGM:359|1,350+] (Becker 139:12|15L) (Stokes 100:63)	M	German
127.		Leucippus (2455-2390 BE) (c.500-435 BCM)		2.77	65	[RGM:17|1,350+] [CR:214|#33]	M	Greek
128.		Parmenides (510-440BC)		2.58	70	[RGM:330|1,350+] (Becker 139:38|8L) (Stokes 100:5)	M	Greek
129.		Paolo Sarpi (1552-1623)	=195 =187	2.54	71		M	Italian
130.		Fritz Haber (87-21 BE) (1868-1934 ACM)		2.77	65	(Becker 160:92) (GCE:30) (EPD:M3W) (CR:62) Physical chemist; "Haber’s Thermodynamics of Technical Gas Phase Reactions [1905] is the most important contribution to the subject of predicting the course of a chemical reaction from a few characteristic constants of the reacting substances, after the ill-starred attempt of Berthelot.” — Arthur Lamb (1907), “Translators Preface” Noted for his 1905 Thermodynamics of Technical Gas Phase Reactions, wherein he pioneered some of the precursory work to free energy tables; for his 1907 achievement of ammonia synthesis, which provided a long-sought fertilizer component for crops.	M	German
131.		Avicenna (980-1037)		3.16	57	[RGM:159|1,350+] (Becker 160:31|6L) (Becker 139:31|9L)	M	Persian
132.		Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925)		2.43	74		M	English
133.		Arthur Doyle (1859-1930)	=182	2.61	69	[RGM:581|1,350+]	M	English
134.		Anaxagoras (2455-2383 BE) (500-428 BCM)		2.50	72	(Cattell 1000:703) (ACR:4) (FA:7) (EvT:4|21+) (CR:51) Philosopher, physicist, astronomer; teacher of Socrates; held the view, based on the examination of fallen meteors, that the sun was NOT a "god", but rather a hot or fiery stone (was imprisoned for this); moon light was reflected sunlight; postulated the existence of the element “aether”, which he conceived of as being in constant rotation and carried with it the celestial bodies; added at 180|#131 (c.2018).	M	Greek
135.		Augustine (354-430)	=180	2.40	75	[RGM:251|1,350+] (Becker 139:15|14L) (Stokes 100:19) (AT:1|D)	M	Roman
136.		George Byron (1788-1824)	=180	5.00	36	[RGM:1,037|1,350+]	M	English
137.		Alexander Bell (1847-1922)	=180	2.40	75	[RGM:45|1,350+] (Becker 160:54|4L)	M	Scottish-born Canadian
138.		Michel Montaigne (1533-1592)	=165	3.05	59	[RGM:145|1,350+]	M	French
139.		William Harvey (1578-1657)	=180	2.28	79	(Cattell 1000:227) [RGM:540|1,350+] (Murray 4000:7|B) (Becker 160:52|4L) (Simmons 100:38) (Hart 100:49) (Glenn 20:4) (CR:22) Physician; “Whatever the power be that creates such an animal out of an egg, that it is either the soul, or part of the soul, or something having a soul, or something existing previous to, and more excellent than the soul, operating with intelligence and foresight.” — William Harvey (c.1630), commentary on the source of the chick embryo Overthrew the previous “open-ended” blood circulation models of Erasistratus, Galen, and Colombo, with a “closed-circulatory” system. (Ѻ); speculated on soul as "power" that makes an animal out of an egg; speculated on the origin of life.	M	English
140.		Frederick Rossini (56 BE-35 AE) (1899-1990 ACM)		1.98	91		M	American
141.		Thomas Paine (218-146 BE) (1737-1809 ACM)		2.50	72	(Cattell 1000:583) [RGM:220|1,350+] (Becker 139:91|4L) (Stokes 100:52) (RMS:24) (HD:15) (FA:44) (GA:28) (AFF:6) (CR:105) Political activist, philosopher, irreligionist, free thinker, and revolutionist; “I can still remember the flash of enlightenment that shone from its pages.” — Thomas Edison (c.1915), reflection on Paine’s [1794] Age of Reason His The Age of Reason (1794), is the most-widely cited “atheist’s bible”, historically; his is Common Sense (1776) pamphlet, selling some 500,000 copies in the mid 1770s, became the "biggest seller per capita in American publishing history and almost single-handedly sparked the [American] revolution" (Smith, 2013); inspiration behind the BCM/ACM dating system (1802); George Washington carried his books into battle; befriended by: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and James Monroe; first-slated at 175|#225 (May 2017); upgraded to #139 per Edison genius recognizes genius quote (Jun 2017).	M	English-born American
142.		Henry Carey (1793-1879)		2.09	86	(SN:10) (CR:106) Physical science based sociologist and economist; “The laws which govern matter in all its forms, whether that of coal, clay, iron, pebble stones, trees, oxen, horses, or men, are the same; man is the molecule of society; and social interaction operates under the great law of molecular gravitation.” — Henry Carey (1858), The Principles of Social Science (pg. 62); cited by Pitirim Sorokin (1928) in Contemporary Sociological Theories (pg. 13) known as the ‘Newton of social science’ (see: social Newton), noted for his three-volume 1858 The Principles of Social Science, wherein he uses of physics and chemistry in sociological theory, e.g. his ‘law of molecular gravitation’ which he says accounts the aggregation of people in larger cities, among numerous other theories, e.g. "friction" resulting from the "rubbing together of human molecules"; first-slating: 180|#149 (Nov 2020).	M	American
143.		Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)		2.90	62	(Becker 160:112|3L)	M	French
144.		Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464)		2.86	63	[RGM:394|1,350+]	M	German
145.		George Green (1793-1841)		3.67	49		M	English
146.		Andre Ampere (1775-1836)		2.95	61	(Cattell 1000:557) [RGM:244|1,350+] (Becker 160:58|4L) [Kanowitz 50:32] (Eells 100:93) (GPE:54) (SIG:6) (CR:15) Physicist and mathematician; “The experimental investigations by which Ampere established the laws of mechanical action between electric currents is one of the most brilliant achievements in science. The whole, theory and experiment, seems as if it had leaped, full grown and full armed, from the brain of the ‘Newton of electricity’. It is perfect in form, and unassailable in accuracy, and it is summed up in a formula from which all the phenomena may be deduced, and which must always remain the cardinal formula of electro-dynamics.” — James Maxwell (1873), Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Volume 2 Dubbed the “father of electrodynamics” (Heaviside, 1888); founder of electrodynamics, the study of currents and dynamical movements; a “tortured genius” who had the phrase “Tandem felix” (“Happy, at last”) engraved on his tombstone; gauged at 180-190 (c.2015).	M	French
147.		John Dalton (1766-1844)		2.34	77	[RGM:234|1,350+] (Becker 160:15|9L) (Simmons 100:74)	M	English
148.		George Berkeley (1685-1753)	=190	2.69	67	[RGM:225|1,350+] (Becker 139:30|10L) (Stokes 100:44)	M	Irish-born English
149.		Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)	=180	2.09	86	[RGM:182|1,350+] (Becker 160:127|3L)	M	Russian
150.		Francois Massieu (123-59 BE) (1832-1896 ACM)			63	(EPD:F0) (CR:26) Mining engineer, mineralogist, geologist, and mathematical physicist; noted for his 1869 "On the Characteristic Functions of Various Fluids", which was the first systematic discourse on “thermodynamic potentials” (Ѻ) applied to bodies, specifically fluid bodies; some characterize his "Massieu function" as the Legendre transform of entropy; influential to Willard Gibbs, who adopted his Greek letter nomenclature for defining the various thermodynamic functions, as show in the pictured characteristic function notation table.; first-slate: 180|#150 (Dec 2020).	M	French
151.		James Madison (1751-1836)	=160 =160	2.12	85	[RGM:465|1,350+]	M	American
152.		Robert Burton (1577-1640)				(CR:19) Scholar and philosopher; “As amber attracts a straw, so does beauty admiration, which only lasts while the warmth continues. But virtue, wisdom, goodness, and real worth, like the loadstone, never lose their power.” — Robert Burton (1621), The Anatomy of Melancholy (pg. 201) noted for his The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), wherein he impressively employs electricity (amber), magnetism (loadstone), and heat (warmth) logic to explain love and beauty; hung himself in the same room that Robert Hooke later stayed in as a student; influential to Henry Finck and also Goethe, possibly; 112-candidate; first-slating:#150 (Nov 2020).	M	English
153.		Jean Rousseau (243-177 BE) (1712-1778 ACM)	=150	2.73	66	[RGM:118|1,350+] (Becker 139:10|16L) (Stokes 100:42) (EPD:M9D)	M	Genevan
154.		Johannes Widmann (c.1460-1498)				Mathematician; noted for his 1489 Mercantile Arithmetic, wherein the “+” and “-“ symbols first appeared in print, albeit, referred to the symbols − and + as minus and mer (Modern German mehr; "more"): "was − ist, das ist minus, und das + ist das mer", albeit in the sense of “surplus” and “deficit”; 112-candidate; first-slating:#150 (Nov 2020).	M	German
155.		Gustave Coriolis (1772-1843)		3.53	51	(SIG:9) (CR:35) Physicist; “Any particle moving in the northern hemisphere is deflected to the right, and any particle moving in the southern hemisphere is deflected to the left.” — Gustave Coriolis (1835), “On the Equations of Motion of a System of Bodies” noted for his 1829 Calculation of the Effect of Machines, wherein he introduced the formula for work as force times distance; some assert that he introduced the factor ½ in Leibniz’s 1686 vis viva for the sake of mathematical convenience (others say it was Lagrange who did this in 1811); his 1835 paper introduced the Coriolis effect, according to which explains why toilets drain (and people move) clockwise in the northern hemisphere (drive on right side of road) and counterclockwise (drive on left side of road) in the southern hemisphere; first-slating: 180|#150 (Feb 2019).	M	French
156.		Jean Fernel (1497-1558)		2.95	61		M	French
157.		Pierre Duhem (1861-1916)		3.27	55	(PEC10:2) (CR:34) Mathematical physicist, chemical thermodynamicist, historian, and philosopher of science, characterized an "uneasy genius" (Demartres, 1892) (Ѻ); noted for his age 26 penned a “Study of the Thermodynamics Works of Willard Gibbs” (1887); gave commentary on the Condemnation of 1277; previous Hmolpedia 2020 candidate (112-names); first-slating: 180|#150 (Nov 2020).	M	French
158.		Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)	=173 =160 =185 =160	2.14	84	[RGM:31|1,350+] (Becker 160:54|4L)	M	American
159.		Jacobus van't Hoff (1852-1911)				(GCE:#) (PEC10:6) (CR:81) Physical chemist; noted for his 1874 pamphlet wherein he formulated the theory of the tetrahedral carbon atom and laid the foundations of stereochemistry; his work in 1884 Studies in Chemical Dynamics, wherein he introduced the two-way reaction arrow “” into chemistry and in which he described a new method for determining the order of a reaction using graphics, and applied the laws of thermodynamics to chemical equilibria; his 1886 van't Hoff equilibrium box (pictured), was the first to measure work of chemical reactions; he gave one of the first thermodynamical treatments of affinity (following Helmholtz, 1882), defining affinity as the maximum external work done by the chemical reaction at constant temperature and volume; first-slated: #154 (Nov 2020).	M	Dutch
160.		Jacob Berzelius (176-107 BE) (1779-1848 ACM)	=160	2.65	68	(EPD:F4M9)	M	Swedish
161.		Alexander the Great (356-323BC)	=200 =180	5.63	32	[RGM:70|1,350+]	M	Greek
162.		Giacomo Leopardi (1798-1837)	=185 =185	4.62	39	[RGM:187|1,350+]	M	Italian
163.		Honore Mirabeau (1749-1791)	=185	4.29	42		M	French
164.		Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)	=165	2.57	70	(Cattell 1000:128) [RGM:129|1,350+] (Becker 160:41|5L) (Simmons 100:76) (CR:32)	M	Swedish
165.		John Bardeen (47 BE-36 AE) (1908-1991 ACM)		2.20	82	(Becker 160:96|3L) (Simmons 100:50) (EPD:M12)	M	American
166.		Hermann Minkowski (1864-1909)				(GME:#) Mathematician and physicist; “The views of space and time which I wish to lay before you have sprung from the soil of experimental physics, and therein lies their strength. They are radical. Henceforth space by itself, and time by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality.” — Hermann Minkowski (1907), Publication (Ѻ) Noted for his 1907 concept of spacetime, i.e. space and time joined as one new thing, as shown by the grids adjacent, and that Einstein’s special theory of relativity could thus be understood geometrically in four dimensions, Cartesian dimensions plus space-time; mentor to Einstein; 112-candidate; first-slating:#160 (Nov 2020).	M	German
167.		Marquis Condorcet (212-161 BE) (1743-1794 ACM)	=180	3.53	51	(EPD:F0)	M	French
168.		John Tukey (40 BE-45 AE) (1915-2000 ACM)		2.12	85		M	American
169.		Plutarch (c.46-120)		2.43	74	[RGM:421|1,350+]	M	Greek-born Roman
170.		James Froude (1818-1894)		2.37	76		M	English
171.		Torbern Bergman (220-171 BE) (1735-1784 ACM)		3.67	49	[CR:210|#34]	M	Swedish
172.		Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)		2.73	66	[RGM:93|1,350+] (Becker 160:21|8L) (Simmons 100:19)	M	New Zealand-born British
173.		John Nash (1928-2015)	=180	2.06	87		M	American
174.		John Toland (1670-1722)		3.46	52		M	Irish
175.		James Joule (1818-1889)		2.57	70	(Becker 160:62|4L)	M	English
176.		Robert Mayer (1814-1878)		2.86	63	(Becker 160:119|3L)	M	German
177.		Henry Bray (1846-1922)		2.37	76	Priest turned physician and philosopher; noted for his 1910 The Living Universe, wherein he outlines a Goethe-Haeckel-Huxley stylized divine-causality ingrained physicochemical-monism, aka living universe theory, a book generally classified as the last intellectually-sober attempt at panbioism (the stepping-stone to abioism).	M	English-born American
178.		Socrates (c.469-399BC)	=235 =186 =160	2.57	70	[RGM:3|1,350+] (Becker 139:14|14L) (Stokes 100:7)	M	Greek
179.		Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)	=186 =155	2.34	77	[RGM:326|1,350+]	M	Anglo-Irish
180.		Joseph Black (1728-1799)		2.54	71	(Nelson 19:15)	M	Scottish
181.		Ole Romer (1644-1710)				(CR:6) Astronomer; noted for 1675 theory that the apparent anomalies in the apparent movement of the moons of Jupiter, which depended on what season the earth was in, i.e. Jupiter at conjunction (sun between earth and Jupiter) or opposition (earth between sun and moon), could be explained by light having a finite velocity; for his 1676 calculation of the speed of light of earth orbital radius divided by 22 minutes or 220,000 km/s (as calculated later by Christiaan Huygens); and for his 1701 thermometer, fixed at the freezing point and boiling point of water, an model that later influenced Daniel Fahrenheit (c.1708); 112-candidate; first-slating:#325 (Nov 2020).	M	Danish
182.		Joseph Priestley (1733-1804)	=165	2.57	70	[RGM:885|1,350+] (Becker 160:81|3L)	M	English
183.		Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894)		5.00	36	[RGM:144|1,350+] (Becker 160:67|4L)	M	German
184.		Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)	=180	3.21	56		M	English
185.		Etienne Geoffroy (1672-1731)		3.05	59		M	French
186.		Ludwig Beethoven (185-128 BE) (1770-1827 ACM)	=175 =165 =165 =165	3.21	56	(Cattell 1000:220) [RGM:19|1,350+] (Murray 4000:1|WM) (GMG:1) (CR:8) Pianist and composer; “His talent astonished me, but his is a totally untamed personality, and he is not entirely wrong in finding the world detestable, though this attitude does not make it more pleasant, either for himself or others … To think of teaching him would be an insolence even in one with greater insight than mine, for he has the guiding light of genius, whilst the rest of us sit in total darkness, scarcely suspecting the direction from which daylight will break upon us.” — Johann Goethe (1811), "Commentary on his meeting with Beethoven" Note for his 9th symphony, 5th symphony, moonlight sonata, etc.; upgraded from 170|#309 to 180|#170 (Feb 2018).	M	German
187.		Augustin Fresnel (1788-1827)		4.62	39	Engineer-physicist; “By the genius of Young and Fresnel the wave theory of light was established in a position so strong that hence forth the corpuscular hypothesis was unable to recruit any adherents among the younger men.” — Edmund Whittaker (1987), A History of the Theory of Aether and Electricity (Ѻ) co-founder, with Thomas Young, of the wave theory of light; 2018 missing (Ѻ) GPE candidate; first-slating: 180|#170 (Mar 2018).	M	French
188.		Denis Diderot (1713-1784)	=165	2.57	70	(Becker 139:70|5L) (Stokes 100:43)	M	French
189.		Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)	=165	1.91	94		M	English
190.		Henri Poincare (101-43 BE) (1854-1912 ACM)	=35	3.10	58	[RGM:437|1,500+] [LPKE:12] (GME:9) (GPE:63) [CR:79] Mathematical physicist; “Can satisfaction be measured? I may say that one satisfaction is greater than another, because I prefer one to the other; but I cannot say that one is two or three times greater than another … Satisfaction then is a magnitude, but not a measurable magnitude. Now is a magnitude that is not measurable therefore not amenable to mathematical theory? By no means. Temperature, for instance (at any rate before the term ‘absolute temperature’ had acquired a signification with the rise of thermodynamics), was a non-measurable magnitude. It was arbitrarily defined and measured by the expansion of mercury. It might quite as legitimately have been defined by the expansion of any other substance and measured by any function of that expansion, provided that it was a continually increasing function. Likewise, in the present case, provided that the function continually increases along with the satisfaction which it represents.” — Henri Poincare (1905), “Letter to Leon Walras”; cited by Francis Edgeworth (1915) in “Recent Contributions to Mathematical Economics” Known for: Poincare conjecture, relativity, thermodynamics, mathematics, economics; said to have scored at the “imbecile” level on the Binet IQ test (see: miscalculated IQ); first slated: 185-195|#40 (c.2016); down-graded: 180|#180 (Apr 2020).	M	French
191.		Johannes van der Waals (1837-1923)			85	(CR:28) Physical chemist; “There can be no doubt that the name of Van der Waals will soon be among the foremost in molecular science.” — James Maxwell (1874), “Article”, Nature noted for his 1873 On the Continuity of Gas and Liquid State, wherein, based on Clausius’ “On the Kind of Motion we call Heat”, he derived an equation of state for a gas-approaching-liquid state, based on experimental data, and therefrom measured molecular attraction, aka dispersion forces or van der Waals force (posited 100-years prior by Priestley), and calculated the size of molecules; one of the three chiefs of the “Dutch school” of thermodynamics, along with Van’t Hoff and Roozeboom; pictured is his energy surface for ${\ce {CO2}}$ (Boerhaave Museum, Leiden); influences: Clausius, James Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Willard Gibbs; “I cannot covalent bond with you / These van der Waals forces, will have to do.” — Mala Radhakrishnan (2014), “Tweet”, Apr 4 Erich Muller (1998) theorized that social forces are a type of van der Waals dispersion force; Jose Aguilera (2012) likens a marriage bond to a weaker type of covalent bond and or Van der Waals interaction force; first-slate: 180|#190 (Dec 2020).	M	Dutch
192.		Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)		4.29	42	(Becker 139:22|12L) (Stokes 100:69)	M	Danish
193.		Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560)	=190 =180	2.86	63		M	German
194.		Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704)	=180 =177	2.37	76	(Cattell 1000:61) Cleric, Bishop, preacher, political philosopher, theologian, and writer; noted for his Discourse on Universal History (1681) (Ѻ), regarded by many as a “second edition” of Augustine’s City of God (426AD), which had addressed theological puzzles, such as suffering of the righteous, the existence of evil, the conflict between free will and divine omniscience, and the doctrine of original sin. (Ѻ)	M	French
195.		John Locke (1632-1704)		2.50	72	(Becker 139:6|17L) (Stokes 100:38)	M	English
196.		Charlemagne (c.742-814)		2.50	72		M	Frankish
197.		Denis Papin (1647-1712)		2.73	66		M	French
198.		Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680)		2.31	78		M	German
199.		Alexander Humboldt (186-96 BE) (1769-1859 ACM)	=185	2.02	89	(Cattell 1000:94) [RGM:133|1,350+] (Becker 160:113|3L) (CR:15) Geographer, naturalist, explorer, romantic philosopher; “People often say that I’m curious about too many things at once. But can you really forbid a man from harboring a desire to know and embrace everything that surrounds him?” — Alexander Humboldt (c.1810), Publications (Ѻ) A fabled "last person to know everything" and oft-characterized polymath; younger brother to Wilhelm Humboldt [RGM:47|1,350+]; in Jena (1797), with his brother Wilhelm, Friedrich Schiller, and Johann Goethe, the four discussed, in Goethe's own words, “all of nature from the perspectives of philosophy and science”; in c.1800, proposed that South America and Africa were both joined (see: Pangea); in his 1844 multi-volume Cosmos, he attempted to sketch out a physical description of the universe.	M	Prussian
200.		Genghis Kahn (c.1162-1227)	=180 =102-125	2.77	65		M	Mongolian

f note, in the top 200 (29 Oct 2020), we have, in terms of sex: 3 females; in terms of nationality: 38 English, 32 French, 27 Germans, 22 Greeks, 16 Americans, 11 Italians, 6 Dutch, 4 Swedish, 4 Scottish, 3 Austrians, 3 Romans, 3 Russians, 3 English-born Americans, 2 Danish, 2 Irish, 2 German-born Americans, 1 Anglo-Irish, 1 Austrian-born American, 1 Croatian, 1 Frankish, 1 French-born Italian, 1 Genevan, 1 German-born French, 1 Greco-Roman Alexandrian, 1 Greek-born Roman, 1 Hungarian-born American, 1 Indian, 1 Irish-born English, 1 Irish-born Scottish, 1 Mongolian, 1 New Zealand-born English, 1 Persian, 1 Polish, 1 Polish-born French, 1 Polish-born Swiss, 1 Prussian, 1 Scottish-born Canadian, 1 Serbian-born American, 1 Swiss.

Notes

N1. Per the the original tentative 1916 Terman "genius" / " non-genius" divide, as being people with determined IQ numbers "above 140" (141, 142, 143, etc.), defined as being "genius" or "near genius"; in addition to the following clarification:

“Genius and ‘near’ genius. Intelligence tests have not been in use long enough to enable us to DEFINE genius definitely in terms of IQ.”

— Lewis Terman (1916), The Measurement of Intelligence (pg. 101)

which was expanded upon when Catherine Cox, Terman's graduate student, together with Maud Merrill, selected the top 300 minds, born between 1450 and 1850, from the Cattell 1000, and "classified" all of them as being "geniuses", specifically in the book's title Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses, assigning 289 of them to have IQs of 140 or above (see: Cox-Terman-Merrill IQ scale); a genius IQ cutoff that was later criticized by the so-called "Hollingworth objection" (1938), namely that an IQ of 140 was "too low" a genius / non-genius divide, as it captures too much of the population, in attempts to classify what, in reality, is a VERY "rare" phenomenon, historically speaking, it may be that the "top 2000" will need to grow to a finalized two-thousand "solid" intellectually-focused names, after which we will be able to "see" where, realistically, the genius / very high intellects divide falls?

Quotes

The following are related quotes:

“IQ is thought to be a measure which expresses the relative brightness or intelligence of any given individual.”

— Catherine Cox (1926), The Early Mental Traits of Three Hundred Geniuses (pg. 47)

“Lestrade (Ѻ) to be let loose on such a study is exactly as pathetic as for a subnormal waitress in the IQ of 90 range to try to measure the intellectual differences in college students.”

— John Platt (1962), “The Coming Generation of Genius” (pg. 73)

External links

• Thims, Libb. (2017). “Top 100 Geniuses” (Ѻ), YouTube, Human Chemistry 101, Nov 24.